La riziculture dans la Région de Koulikoro
Mali
is the second West African rice producer. In recent decades, the share of
millet and sorghum in grain availability has been a gradual decline in favor of
rice, which currently represents 30% of total grain produced. Consumption
patterns have also gradually changed, and an ever more dominant is occupied by
rice, with annual per capita consumption increased from 1960 to 2009, from 13
to 84 kg.
From the economic point of view, rice is a strategic culture because it
represents 5 percent of GDP and generates income for a significant portion of
the agricultural population. The spread of this culture is rooted in
agricultural tradition but also in development policies, which have created a
growth of managed device surfaces ranging from the rehabilitation of land
transfer of new technologies.
The expansion of rice production in the last 20 years has relied on two
types of production systems: a traditional rice, from rain to the culture
uncontrolled flooding, and a rice irrigation scheme in controlled flooding and
total control of the water. These surfaces amounted to 472,000 hectares in
2009, a significant advance compared to 180,000 hectares in 1961.
Located
in the Central West of the Republic of Mali, the Koulikoro region covers an
area of 90,210 square kilometers or 7.2% of the national territory. It has 7
circles, 108 municipalities including 3 urban villages and 1949 for a total
estimated population of 2,833,524 inhabitants, including 1,405,071 men and
1,428,452 women (RGPH 2009 updated 2013).
The
area is generally located in two large agro-climatic zones: Sahel and Sudanian
to the south to the north.
The
region has an area of usable land 2,923,338 hectares of which 110 000 ha of
irrigable gross area. Cereals are the main crops grown with a production of
1,036,933 tons for the 2014 – 2015 campaign.
Source: statistic of DRA
Cereals (rice, millet, sorghum and fonio)
represent over 71% of major crops, market garden crops 13%, pulses 9% and 7%
for cotton.
a.
Present
condition of agriculture
Cereals are the main crops of the region. The area occupied for the
2014-2015 crop year is estimated at 947 934 ha for a production of 1, 036,933
tons, against 111,409 761 753ha for the 2013-2014 campaign for a production of
849,774 tons. The chart below shows the breakdown by speculation.
Reading
these two charts above show that millet and sorghum are the main cereal crops
of the region with 71% of areas. However, yields remain low with respectively 691 and 914 kg /
ha.
As for rice, lowland rice occupies 69% of the
areas, NERICA rice 27%, and total water control 3% and 1% submersions. In
addition, the cotton crop grown significantly in the region in circles south.
b.
Rice
cropping system
In
rice cultivation, different systems are practiced:
v
Lowland rice:
It
represents 69% of the region's rice acreage. It is usually performed by women
in the shallows temporary water courses and most of the work is done by hand.
The land is prepared and seeded dry. The yields are very low compared to
irrigated systems and depend mainly on rainfall amounts in the campaign. The
diagram below shows the development of area, yield and production of the last
three seasons.
v
Upland rice cultivation or NERICA:
It
is practiced to a recent period on small plots where rainfall amounts are
greater than 800mm. However, with the advent of "NERICA Rice 'project and
the dissemination of new varieties developed by IER, this type of rice
cultivation is in the process of taking a certain scale. According to data from
DRA, it constitutes 27% of the region's rice land. It should be noted that the
Government allowing special attention to this type of rice cultivation by sponsoring
inputs (seeds and fertilizers). However, yields remain very low because
generally the rainfall deficit, varying from year to year. The following
diagram shows the development of NERICA rice in the Region.
v Flooded rice
cultivation or flooding:
It
represents only 1% of the region's rice acreage. It is practiced on floodplains
of the Niger River in the area of Manicoura and OHVN basically. Rainwater allow
sowing, up to early bolting. Depending on whether the impoundment is done
naturally by the river floods, it is called free (RSL); and Controlled, when
impoundment is made from a channel of water brought from the river. (RSC).
The
table below highlights the contribution of each type of flooding in the
Koulikoro region.
|
Campagnes
|
Riz
Submersion Contrôlée
|
Riz
Submersion Libre
|
||||
|
areas
|
yields
|
Prod.
|
areas
|
yields
|
Prod.
|
|
|
2014
- 2015
|
268
|
1520
|
407
|
603
|
1088
|
656
|
|
2013
- 2014
|
945
|
1509
|
1426
|
1523
|
1814
|
2763
|
v
The total control of rice cultivation water
RMT
It
is practiced in developed areas Baguineda and Manicoura in the Koulikoro region
and planted area is 3227 ha for the 2014 season and 3090 ha in the previous
season or 3% of total rice acreage. Here yields above 5 tons per hectare. And
all farming operations are subject to the entry and exit of water in rice
fields.
The
table below highlights the situation by area developed.
|
Périmètres
|
Riz
Maîtrise Totale
|
||
|
areas
|
yields
|
Prod.
|
|
|
Baguineda
|
2463
|
5080
|
12512
|
|
Manicoura
|
764
|
5100
|
3897
|
|
Total Région 2014
|
3227
|
5085
|
16409
|
|
Total
Région 2013
|
3099
|
5107
|
15828
|
c.
Climatic
condition in your region
Koulikoro
is located generally in two agro-climatic zones: south Sudan where rainfall
varies between 1000-1200 mm per year and Sahelian north with rainfall amounts
between 400 and 600 mm per year.There are two seasons:
o
The rainy season, which lasts 4 to 5
months, usually starting in late May and ends in October. Generally it is the
period of major crops (cereals, cotton ...)
o
The dry season lasts 7 to 8 months
and consists of a cold dry season from 3 months (the ideal time for vegetable
crops) and a hot dry season is practically a time for all agricultural
activities.
In
the region there is a great disparity between the amounts of rainfall collected
each year by circles. The diagram below shows rainfall of 2014 and 2013 compared
to the long-term average.
Sources: Statistics DRA
Accumulated
rainfall recorded in 2014 was higher than 2013 with the same period for
rainfall observation posts Dioïla, Kati and Nara Kolokani, but lower against
Koulikoro, Banamba and Kangaba. It is also above the long-term average from
1981 to 2010 for all positions except Koulikoro, Banamba and Kangaba.
For
the Koulikoro observation post which is practically in the center of the region
the amount of rain collected is 751mm in 48 days in 2014 against 841 in 57 days
in 2013. The chart below shows the changes in rainfall per month for the
Koulikoro station.
Analysis
of this diagram shows that the start of the growing season, with significant
rainfall is usually late May to early June. However, there is a drop between
the months of June and July, making it suddenly slowed field work. This is from
late July to early August that the heavy rains resumed and continued until
mid-October for further work and normal development of different cultures.
a.
Cultivation
techniques
South
of the region, rice is practiced in rotation with crops nitrogen consuming like
cotton or corn. Rice takes advantage of this fact to the residual effect of
this fertilizer.
Generally
dry plowing (with plow or by hand) at the beginning of the rainy season allows
the preparation of the seedbed. The pulverization improves the physical
qualities of the soil and allows for a good seeding.
On
small areas, cities held by women, sowing is done on the fly (broadcasting).
However, on large areas, it is done online (25 to 30 cm between rows) or in
seed holes (25 X25 cm or 20 x 20 cm). The row planting allows good conduct
maintenance and fertilizer application. The amount of seed used is generally
100 kg / ha in direct seeding.
The
first fertilizer including complex Cereal (10-18-18) is made at planting or 200
kg / ha. Mostly because of the high price of fertilizer farmers use 100 to 150
kg / ha Complex. The second contribution is made at tillage stage and consists
of 100 kg / ha of urea; but 50kg / ha generally by farmer.
Other
maintenance work involves the weeding and hoeing. Rice is a very sensitive
culture competition from weeds, weed control is the main maintenance. It is
imperative to make two weeding (seedling stage and tillering) and it is
recommended to use the herbicide for example 4litres / ha Ronstar 25EC on the wet
ground planting.
Harvesting
should occur at a time when the grains have adequate moisture so it does not
break. This corresponds to a period of 30 to 40 days depending on the variety
heading.
The
harvest is usually done by hand with sickles or mechanically with a combine
harvester basis of the areas and means of each producer. The sheaves are dried
3-4 days before threshing floor. Paddy obtained underwent a machining or a
steaming before machining.
b. Technical difficulties
The
main challenges that producers are facing, include:
o
The low yields of rainfed rice
o
The techniques are not sufficiently
applied by operators who know little about improved varieties;
o
Women continue to grow old varieties
often degenerate and have no access to inputs that are expensive;
o
Striga infestation and the difficulty
of pulling this weed;
o
Sub producers equipment;
o
The lack of mastery of irrigation
water and rainfall variability.
a.
Available
varieties and their characteristics of UR (local
variety and Nerica)
Since
1989, research activities are engaged in the field of plant breeding for rice
lowland and upland rice. These have resulted in the development and
dissemination of technologies 4 for low and medium flood zones.
These are:
o
BG90-2 (Dioubani) in low flood zone,
ie less than 25 cm of water;
o
SIK 131 (Kononiédinbo) in low flood
zone, ie less than 25 cm of water;
o
BR 4, low flood zone, ie less than 25
cm of water;
o Khao Dawk Mali 105, or Diguidian macoroni in
medium flood zone, ie the water layer 25 to 50 cm.
The
intensification of research on rainfed varieties including NERICA since 1999.
Research
NERICA in Mali
Participatory
varietal selection: fifty varieties with NERICA were the 1999 assessment object
to 2001. After
this selection four varieties were selected:
Ø
WAB 450-IB-P91-HB or Dususuma malo
(4t / ha);
Ø
varieties: 181-18 WAB or Sikassoka
(4.5t / ha),
Ø
WAB 189-BBB-8-HB or Kumabani and
Ø
WAB 56-104 or jigifa (4t / ha).
b.
Difficulties
of variety selection
The
production constraints identified during the development of the latest
Strategic Review of Agricultural Research of Mali (1999-2005) can thus be
summarized:
Ø
The lack of plant material:
intensification with the double cropping requires short cycle varieties highly
productive and resistant to cold (for the cold season against) or heat (for hot
season against seasonal);
Ø
Declining soil fertility: despite the
acknowledged fertilizer profitability, the recovery rate of fertilizer applied
is only 30% on average. The geomorphological study in 1990 showed that 50% of
the analyzed profiles are alkaline or being alkalizing. The impact on yields is
still low, but it may increase with time;
Ø
Poor water management and poor
distribution of rainfall in time and space: rehabilitation of areas has reduced
considerably the malfunction of the irrigation and drainage
Ø
The cultivation techniques problems:
they are all consecutive installation with the introduction of transplanting
problems;
a.
Policy
on new rice variety based on NDRS (National Rice Development Strategy)
Extension in Mali is vested in
the National Directorate of Agriculture (DNA) through its regional and local
branches, CMDT for cotton, Office du Niger (ON), ORM, ORS, ODRS, OPIB for rice
and development projects. In the Koulikoro region is the Regional Directorate
of Agriculture and OHVN involved in the dissemination of NERICA rice and
lowland.
According to the National
Strategy for Rice Development, the National Seed Policy defines all
institutional measures, legal, and financial in the field of production and use
of seeds. Strategies to consider are built around the following:
o The production of
breeder seeds by the IER: Due to the importance of initial seeds for every seed
program, pre-basic seed will still be as in the past, produced by agricultural
research. The production of these seeds is made governed at stations of
regional research centers of the IER: Sikasso / Longorola and Finkolo for
strictly rainfed rice and lowland, Niono / Kogoni for irrigated rice and Mopti
for floating rice.
o Seed distribution
is provided by the research programs whose main customer is the National Seed
Service acting on behalf of groups, associations and cooperatives.
o The production of
basic seed by contract-peasants-Contractual peasants are chosen by the seed
department to ensure the production of basic seed. These farmers are known for
their respect of seed standards and the use of farm inputs.
o The privatization
of seed production and distribution activity results in the transfer of the
functions of production and marketing of commercial seed R1 and R2 private.
In Mali, in the context of
growing upland rice including NERICA, although the results achieved so far are
significant, must be consolidated with a particular emphasis on "Research
for Development" in terms of changes in the economic, political and
institutional. In this context, my goals at the end of this training in Japan
are firstly improved ownership varietal selection techniques that can be
replicated in Mali and others from inquiring about the Japanese experience
extension of new rice varieties.
Commentaires
Enregistrer un commentaire